Supplemental Information for Experimental Demonstration of Enhanced Photon Recycling in Angle-Restricted GaAs Solar Cells

To model the cells in our experiments, we utilized a modified detailed balance model, which included various forms of non-radiative recombination in addition to the radiative losses from the cell. This allows our model to be much more realistic than a traditional idealized detailed balance, where non-radiative losses are neglected. In addition, we simply input the measured short-circuit current, to avoid issues with the variability of the solar simulator lamp spectrum. Thus, the current at a given voltage, J(V ) , in the modified model is expressed as: